Capital Communes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Capital Communes - Essay Example church"ii Here, we see Benjamin's Marxist roots. Yet we also informed by his premonitory observance of the ideological drift of civil society toward what he argues is a phantasmagoria: a dream world of market based consumer-citizenship, that at once and the same time, the teleological mechanism by which authoritarianism is obscured. If the Arcade stood as the preeminent example as a built space for inculcating the collective unconscious toward misrecognition of Napoleon Bonaparte's true intent, and in this case, that would be speculative market measures that began to stratify the populations of Paris and its environs by class, then Haussmann's project of urban expansion with its "lavish, self-glorification of the bourgeoise" with its "loans totaling hundreds of millions of francs" confrontation with those living in marginal spaces became the victims of nothing short of "engineered destruction."iii Nevertheless, Haussmann's project proceeded as a renewal strategy for Paris. He also employed a large scale constituency of laborers to participate in the construction of the rehabilitation; hence stabilizing his political position against confrontation with worker dissent. Rationale for this perspective was not unfounded as, 'the Parisian workers were better organized militarily than in any earlier rebellion; that the street widening undertaken during the administration of Napoleon III would necessarily work to their advantage, should the assault on the city succeed; that for the first time, the barricades would be defended by cannons and regularly organized troops."iv The environmental impact of Haussmann's urban planning was pronounced in design, and also in terms of security. Haussmannization was distinctly a project of "strategic embellishment" that applied the concept of direct access to the workers' districts by opening up the thoroughfares for direct barricade. The system of open boulevards with a central node for systemization of public works and oversight also held promise for alleviation of poverty of districts such as Faubourg St-Marceau, through ready access to trade. The work commenced in the city centre surrounding Ile-de-la-Cit adjacent to the Cathedral of Notre-Dame. He also extended the cross between the Louvre and the Tuileries, built the Boulevard Sbastopol. A site of leisure, Place du Chtelet became the center of the City's system of boulevards. Prior to his office, Paris was a city of moderate dimensions. Haussmann's new plan of advancement for the capital city resulted in the definition of neighborhoods, or modern system of 20 arrondissements. Public transportation also saw expansion, and the "opening of Paris" to the market linked the main road network between Gare St-Lazare the Rue Auber and Gare du Nord (built between 1861 and 1864 by Jacques-Ignace Hittorff), Gare de Lyon and Gare Montparnasse the Rue de Rennes. Tivoli Arcade, Paris A new system of

Butterflies, by Ian McEwan

Butterflies, by Ian McEwan In their short stories Butterflies, Lamb to the slaughter, The Whole Towns Sleeping and The Pedestrian, Ian McEwan, Roald Dahl and Ray Bradbury create strong feelings of fear and suspense which ultimately lead to death in each story. Discuss these featured in the short stories we have studied. The story Butterflies by Ian McEwan is about an individual is devoid of all emotion, who is also isolated person (maybe because of his look: his chin and his neck are the same thing and he himself thinks he looks grotesque) he takes a walk. A little girl follows him. It was for him a strange thing because he did not have any friends to talk to. He desperately needed affection and in order to keep her close he buys her a doll and ice cream. He lies her saying that at the canal there are boats and butterflies. So the title butterflies is the lure used to take the little girl at the canal. There he abuses her and then he drowns her. I was particularly attracted to this story because of the unusual yet quite sinister way suspense is built up throughout the text. McEwan achieves this by the use of short descriptive sentences; these slow us down and make us feel as if we are an omnipresent being viewing the story as it unfolds. The action takes place in England on Thursday and Sunday. The next text Lamb To The Slaughter utilises descriptive writing right from the opening to massage our senses to the extent we feel we are woven into the story, our minds eye sees everything that needs to be seen, this helps to clearly portray the obvious use of black humour the image of a merry house wife suddenly smashing a frozen leg of lamb meant for dinner over her husbands head is comical in a sinister way. While in Butterflies the opposite is true. The name of the text, suggests something to do with a lamb being slaughtered with is common practice in farms however the phrase can also mean, unaware of any impending catastrophe which when we read on we find out Mr Maloney wasnt aware of himself being in harms way the same is also true for Miss Maloney wasnt aware she would be committing murder she was said to be in shock, Helped bring her out of shock (141). Roald Dahl almost rewards the reader half way through the story with the meaning of the title which we find out is befitti ng after all. The whole towns sleeping employs the use of subtle irony right from the start the title suggests to us that the town is sleeping which they are, its night time but the lonely one is out and the town is oblivious to this fact, Situational irony is also used the reader would become lead to believe that she might come to harm in the woods and when she gets home she will be safe however this is not the case The final text The Pedestrian, the title isnt very exciting it sounds run of the mill, doing this lures us into a false sense of security we dont expect much however out breath is taken by the beautiful way Ray Bradbury starts the piece and our attention is captured. Like Butterflies the writer wants us to savour each sentence and hang of every word so they slow us down therefore building suspense in The Pedestrian this is done with the use of commas. In all of these stories someone is in danger and in two of the stories someone is killed, the stories have a similar of building tempo and setting the pace, also all stories play to our primal emotions weather its humour in lamb to the slaughter or sadness and confusion in butterflies or fear in the whole towns sleeping. Suspense is something that is built up in all stories, in Lamb to the slaughter suspense is built up in an unusual way first the title invites questions such as, who is being killed and is the story based on a farm doing this feeds out curiosity which in itself starts to build suspense and tension. The text starts off quite unusual fashion for a story of this genre, we would expect a dark, dingy and quite frightening place for a murder to take place in this story quite the opposite is true. The opening paragraph starts of quite poetic, The room was warm and clean, the curtains drawn, the two table lamps alight. Dahl also uses descriptive writing to give us vivid picture of a warm homely setting The room was warm and clean. (137) Everything seems above board until we get to the third sentence, the empty chair (137) the use of the word empty suggests that something is missing and in turn that begs the question why is it empty, The Pedestrian uses this also along with the metaphor empty riverbed, The car moved down the empty riverbed streets and off away, leaving the empty streets with the empty sidewalks, and no sound and no motion all the rest of the chill November night. This feeds out curiosity and adds to the suspense. The metaphor helps put across how bare the riverbed was so we have a clear image in our minds. The unusual thing about Lamb to the Slaughter is that the murder happens at the middle there is no time to wonder how the murder will be committed since we dont suspect anything. The reader is taken by surprise much as Patrick and Mary Maloney. The small table over turning helped bring her out of the shock. (141) Mary Maloney and the reader are in shock until we find out she killed him, she didnt mean to kill him it was done out of rage therefore she says So Ive killed him. (141) After the murder scene the reader follows Mrs Maloney around in her meticulous steps to cover her crime. One can wonder how such a sentimental and docile woman can turn out to be so calculating and cool-headed. When the police arrive, we wait for the moment Mrs Maloney gets caught this time never arrives There is an unfulfilled expectation. Butterflies short, snappy sentences to set the tempo which enables the reader to race ahead so we feel their heart is beating in time with the action, Towards midday I decided on a walk. I stood outside the house, hesitating (61). This is in direct contrast with The Pedestrian which opens with a long sentence which slows things down. To enter out into that silence that was the city at eight oclock of a misty evening in November, to put your feet upon that buckling concrete walk, to step over grassy seams and make your way, hands in pockets, through the silences, that was what Mr Leonard Mead most dearly loved to do. This sets a slow tempo so we can really absorb what we are being told and actually feel we are with Mr Mead. Do The whole towns sleeping utilizes the use of conversation to move the story along as well as short and long sentences to set the tempo and pace, we are drawn to the story because of the simple conversations we can empathize with. The theme of fear is something that is rampant in most of the stories, butterflies starts of quite disturbingly, I saw my first corpse on Thursday. This doesnt seem to frighten or upset the boy; he seems to be detached from his emotions unlike Lavinia Nebbs who is so overwhelmed with fear of the unknown she doesnt have the will power to turn round. Dont turn, dont look if you see him, youll not be able to move! Youll be frightened, youll freeze! Just run, run,run! In Lamb to the slaughter instead of being fearful Mary seems to be relishing the moment, she it literally getting away with murder, Mary Maloney began to giggle. While in The Pedestrian and the whole towns sleeping, everyone is fearful in the towns expect the people in actual danger. The way relationships are portrayed differs from story to story Mary Maloney was in what she thought was a loving relationship she loved her husband dearly, Now and again she would glance up at the clock, but without anxiety, merely to please herself with the thought that each minute gone by made it nearer the time when he would come. (137) Mary and her husband had what seemed to be the perfect relationship everything seemed above board, however when she got the news she lost her rationally this could be due to the fact she was pregnant and hormonal for this was her sixth month with child. (137) the strange thing considering it seemed to be done in rage she didnt show any remorse or sorrow, All right, she told herself. So Ive killed him. (141) that could possibly beg the question did she know beforehand did she contemplate the killing before hand, was she acting, does she have split personalities, we know she is calculated and calm under pressure and good at acting when talking to th e shopkeeper after killing her husband she states Patricks decided hes tired and doesnt want to eat out, you know, and now hes caught me without vegetables in the house. When she already knows hes dead and she is the murderer. However know the main character in Butterflies we know is a recluse, who found his mother grotesque he also believes because his chin and neck are close together people see him as untrustworthy he doesnt seem to trust anyone. My chin and me neck are the same thing and it breeds distrust My mother was like that too, only after I had left home did I find her grotesque. She died last year. His mother was also seen as a recluse, he says, Each year she went to Littlehampton and sat on a deckchair by herself, facing out to sea. We get the feeling he wasnt brought up in a loving household and that he didnt have much of a relationship with his mother, which could have lead him to become unsociable and lonely. Although we know he yearns to have some companions when walking in the street a football kicked by a group of boys came his way he stopped the ball with his foot and kicked it back, such a simple gesture caused him to because overwhelmed and giddy I could feel the thumping of my pulse in my temples. Such opportunities are rare for me. I do not meet many people.Also at the start of the text when a simple conversation arose with him and Charlie he fumbled this furthermore stresses the point he was not used to talking to people. When he and Jane converse he immediately realizes he wants her as a friend as she shows genuine interest and curiosity in him, I felt pleased that she was genuinely curious about me, and I was attracted to her. I wanted her to be my friend. The reader isnt alarmed by this as we think he is being friendly but little do we know the wheels have been set in motion for what happens next. After deceiving the girl under the false pretence of seeing butterflies, the disturbed individual wets his finger and wipes the ice cream off from around her mouth and puts the finger back into his mouth and tastes it. While doing this we find out, he has never touched another persons lips and he is excited and seems to be in orgasmic state, I had never touched another persons lips before nor had I experienced this kind of pleasure. It rose painfully from my groin to my chest.'(70) While doing this I believe he was engulfed with pleasure and didnt realize he was pressing so hard on Janes face she tells hi m, You pressed to hard. (70). All throughout the text I is used allot this suggests loneliness. Lavina Nebbs is seen as a father figure she is confident on the surface when around friends they look up to her she doesnt want to show weakness she has a strong relationship with her friends however when alone and going through the ravine she turns into a nervous shell of her former self, Oh god! God, please, please let me get up the hill! (55) Where as Mr Mead from The Pedestrian is calm when he is confronted and even protests his arrest. The whole towns sleeping starts off with the use of descriptive writing to set the scene, It was a warm summers night in the middle of Illinois (37) this gives us an image of brightness cosiness even. Which is the same way Roald Dahl starts Lamb to the slaughter, The room was warm and clean. (137) both authors use this to good effect so the reader is the ability to more clearly visualize what is being described. This subtle use of this type of writing shows itself again throughout The whole towns sleeping in the form of metaphors, Lavina felt the warm breath of the summer night shimmering off the oven-baked sidewalk. We really get a sense that it was a hot day this plays with our senses in the same way in The Pedestrian plays with our sense of smell It smelled of riveted steel (2) and in butterflies a simile is used to the same effect. Like a whippet. (63) The Whole Towns Sleeping. Ray Bradbury uses recreation to create interest to the story In the downtown drugstore, fans whispered in the high ceiling air He also uses metaphors and similes such as There were two moons: a clock moon with four faces The main character in Butterflies isnt really creative we only get one reference to some sort of inner life. Where he makes reference to an artist prominent in the 1920s, she was beautiful in a strange almost sinister way, like a girl in a Modigliani painting. (65) His flat narrative description exactly matches the flatness of his personality, I crossed over and looked at the cars engine, although it meant nothing to me. Another interesting thing about this character is that he never dwells on the fact of death he bounces between subjects. I believe his life experience had an impact on the development of his personality. Like Me Mead in The Pedestrian he is a loner and they both go on walks also the main character in Butterflies has a skewed view on the world whereas in the pedestrian the world is distorted it isnt just in Mr Meads imagination. In all stories there is only really one main character. Mary Maloney is a happy, contented woman who feels secure confident and fulfilled with her life. Roald Dahl describes, There was a slow smiling air about her, and about everything she did. (137) she is loving and the perfect house something that was normal in the time short story was written in 1953. She is a very organised individual she has a routine she does daily, she takes solace in it she believes that if that routine exists, all must be well. She also is calm, collected and rational she methodically gets rid of the evidence, Mary ultimately uses the same means of control over the investigating officers that she had used with Patrick: food, drink, and the illusion of uncomprehending innocence. That being said after all she didnt mean to kill her husband when she realizes what she has done, Mary is willing to accept the consequences, but, she worries about the child: As the wife of a detective, she knew quite well what the penalty would be. That was fine. It made no difference to her. In fact, it would be a relief. On the other hand, what about the child? At the start of the whole towns sleeping Lavina Nebbs is much like Mary Maloney secure and confident she is adamant that fear will not dictate her life, she starts the evening rational and fearless but is reduced to panic on the walk home when she admits her fear. Much like Jane from butterflies she is fearless and outgoing until confronted with fear. Jane who is the girl that was killed in lamb to the slaughter, is a friendly trusting child her parents might have been carefree and unaware that such crimes get committed, most children of that era were told dont talk to strangers or dont walk with strangers however Jane is fearless she is innocent. Jane could be seen as the butterfly a small delicate creature that is gently pushed down the river in the same way a butterfly would fly off into the distance, the word butterflies for a title is very befitting. Lamb to the slaughter is written in the third person in the same way as the whole towns sleeping, the tone of Lamb to the slaughter seems pretty calm it starts of quote poetic each line leading on seamlessly to the next then the tone changes the reader is sped up as Mary Malone executes her plan to get rid of the evidence. The text butterflies is written in the first person the main character is the narrator throughout the story there is a dense and atmospheric tone. Its often left to the reader to give moral significance to events that occur what I found interesting that the story was organized through flashback and the story isnt in chorological order, the story starts of, I saw my first corpse on Thursday (1) when that was the last thing that happened yet mentioned at the start. The narrator also switches from present to past tense. The strength in Butterflies is the writers versatility to be able to move through past and presence tense and to be able to move through different times during the day and to move from subject to subject. However by the end I get a sinking feeling in the pit of my stomach a horrendous crime has been committed and it seems as if the killer will get away, this leaves us wanting and yearning for justice and because unlike Lamb to the slaughter it was a little girl that was abused and killed we feel more hate towards the young man. Lamb to the slaughter the readers get a tale so grotesque, so darkly comic, and so hilarious in some of its incidental details that seem to be something out of a Benny hill show. We feel sympathy towards Mary because her husband broke their wedding vows her act of murder was callus yet unintentional, so we dont yearn for justice although I know a crime has been committed I feel happy to sit back and watch Mary hatch this farfetched comical plan. There could ha ve been emphasis on causing more suspense the detectives could have been more suspicious, however it is a well laid out and quite humorous story and begs the question did the detectives suspect anything after the incident it leaves us with unanswered questions. Roald is also effective at using dialogue to move the story along. Lamb to the slaughter is good at building the tension throughout the story then while Nebbs is in the ravine the excitement builds, when she reaches her house the tempo slows and almost grinds to a halt until she finds out someone is in her house we are left in awe. Ray Bradbury is good at controlling the tempo however at the end of the story I am left feeling unfulfilled I want to know the ending however this may just bring excitement for the sequel and play right into Bradburys hands. In this essay I have discussed the theme of fear and suspense and now different writers portray this and stylistic features used I found the similarity between stories interesting considering there from different authors my favorite story is butterflies I love the simple complexity of it the way the narrator moves from time and place seamlessly. And how all of the stories title have significance to the story and almost give us hints to the plot.

Risks and Responsibilities of Coaching Swimming Essay -- Swimming Coac

Risks and Responsibilities of Coaching Swimming Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The purpose of this paper is to look at the area of risk management with reference to the sport of swimming. There is no doubt that the ability to prevent any types of injury to athletes is of the utmost importance. The safety of the athletes should therefore be the primary concern of both facility managers and coaches. By working together, one would hope, that all unnecessary injuries could be prevented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most severe injuries that can occur is that of a spinal injury. The area of prevention that addresses this issue is that of spinal injury management and it will be looked at more closely later in this paper. Even with all the extra emphasis in this day and age on safety issues, these kinds of injuries are still far too prevalent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1996, Michael Berger and Judith Middleton state that in the United Kingdom, there are around 40,000 children each year that suffer from head injuries. Some of these individuals will have received severe injuries, in that they will have been unconscious for at least 20 minutes and so will most likely have suffered brain damage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sport of swimming has the obvious danger of drowning. There are also potential risks of spinal injuries caused by collisions with the floor of the pool, the walls in the pool and other swimmers. Many other injuries can be the result of a slippery deck or training equipment not correctly stored away. There is also a risk of injury from the chemicals which are present at a pool such as chlorine. Risk Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aquatic injury prevention should be part of any facilities risk management program. Risk management involves identifying and reducing dangerous conditions that can cause injuries and financial loss. Thus, the aim of a risk management is in a way a kind of preventative medicine, to tackle the issue of a problem thus ensuring that those kinds of accidents will not occur. There are some that would contend that those individuals that suffer an injury are unfortunate victims of circumstance. Many injuries can be avoided through an understanding of the factors that can cause injuries to occur and then a knowledge of how to go about preventing such situations to occur.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Bucher and March Krotee (1998) explain that there is an added risk in any physical education exercise as opposed to a ... ...water conditions, many dangers are in and around water.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Risk management in a pool environment is basically concerned with aquatic injury prevention. A highly developed risk management program will substantially reduce the risks of injury. By understanding how injuries are caused, one can better prevent them. Effective communication with patrons is critical for helping to prevent injuries. Through this communication, the patrons can have fun in a safer environment. References American Red Cross (1993). Community First Aid & Safety. Mosby Lifeline, St. Louis. (pg. 184) American Red Cross (1993). CPR For The Professional Rescuer. Mosby Lifeline, St. Louis. (pg. 10) American Red Cross (1995). Lifeguarding Today. Mosby Lifeline, St. Louis. (pp. 44-204) American Red Cross (1988). Safety Training For Swim Coaches. Mosby Lifeline, St. Louis. (pg. 26) American Red Cross ( 1992). Swimming & Diving. Mosby Lifeline, St. Louis. (pp. 33-317) Berger, M. & Middleton, J. (1996). Head Injury: Some Consequences For Injured School Pupils, Their Teachers And Schools. The Partnership, Southampton. (pg. 3) Bucher, C.A. & Krotee, M.A. (1998). Management of Physical Educ

Dear God Essay

Kalina, Presented to: Mrs. G December 20th, 2012 Dear God Movie Ethical Consideration The film â€Å"Dear God† directed by Garry Marshall is about a young man named Tom Turner who is a specialized con man. However, once he gets caught by the police, he has the choice to either go to jail or find a real job. He chooses the job. Tom finds himself working at a post office, sorting dead mail. In all likely turn of events, Tom finds himself answering â€Å"dear god† letters and helping those who are in desperate need to uncover the happiness they deserve.Faith plays a role in this film because even though nobody can physically see God, they continue to pray and write letters to him, hoping someone will hear their prayer. Justice also plays a role because justice is about empowering people who need it the most and doing what is right. Take the old man who wrote a letter that he was going to commit suicide. It is justice that out of all the letters that could have been picked, his showed up and a life was saved. He wrote that letter in some hope, someone would read it and save him.His faith and honesty in God led him to be saved. The world is anything but a perfect place. And even though so many of us live in luxurious houses and have access to so many technologies, there are always going to be people who need help. Whether it be money, taking to someone or saving lives. There are so many problems and issues people can have. It can be a large country as a whole, like third world countries who struggle to find water and food for themselves or someone battling depression. People have faith because they need to believe something good can happen for them.They need to know that someone is watching over them and that they are not alone. I think having faith in something or someone can give people the confidence to even start making their own choices and actions. I think it is so difficult for people to reach out and help others because we live in a world where there are so many complications, expectations and pressures. People have so much going on in their own life; they think they have no time to help others with theirs. We are so caught up in our own roblems we forget that so many others are faced with the same challenges and may even have it worse. Some people we also feel resent towards helping others because no one has helped them when they needed it. I feel like more people have become selfish and if they haven’t gotten something then they shouldn’t help someone else receive it either. Nowadays, people will only help others if they get something in return, but in my opinion that still doesn’t count as helping someone if you’re doing it for yourself. I think society is already on the path of self-absorption.And if continues to in the same way it is going, I think it could lead to a massive amount of deaths that are unnecessary. Take Egypt, Syria or even Greece for example, all these countries have major conflicts that have lead to protests and deaths. I think society will continue to behave selfishly if they continue on this path and nobody will appreciate the true meaning of life, all they will care about is money. I believe that a large amount of people in the world care more about money and possessions than they do about loved ones or people.However, I also believe that there are also many people who still possess a kind heart and do want to help others without their own benefit. If more people start to look at things from different viewpoints and put themselves in other people’s shoes, they can make a difference, just like Tom Turner. People need to start believing in the more positive aspect instead of the negative and have a little faith that sometimes people will do nice things for others without getting anything in return.

Jamcracker

What are the critical challenges for the business model to be sustainable? Before the business model of Jamcracker could be established, it had to tackle a series of critical challenges. Foremost amongst them was the issue of timing, the risk Jamcracker might be delivering a new model of service before the world was ready for it. The model proposed was entirely a new market mechanism for distributing ITServices and In order to succeed, the emerging markets warranted sufficient Infrastructure, economically viable Industry relationships and strong growth prospects which were all the more strained and complicated after the dot. com crash. Apart from timing issues the model faced severe technical roadblocks as well such as lack of established standards in the relatively young in ASP industry which led to integration issues with Jamcracker platform.Apart from the above mention entry level problems, issues such as need for rofessional services and customer service were the dominant concern s which called for attention before the business model could be sustained. As the industry developed more and more people were getting involved. This called for services such as initial system configuration and integration which would be followed up by customer concerns regarding service level quality, privacy and security. Thus these were the critical challenges faced by the business model before It could be sustained 2. How does Jamcracker fit in the ASP (SaaS) space?Jamcracker analogous to Its name, tried to avoid IT log jams using web-based technology, for its clients and empower them to smoothly move towards their business objectives. Its business model was based on the widely anticipated growth of Application Service Providers, more popularly known as ASPS. ASPs provide various benefits to an organization such as speedy implementation of IT infrastructure, cost reduction, IT skilled workforce, 24Ãâ€"7 support etc. But given that these ASPs solved small IT problems for clients , Chandra along with Chen and Terbeek envisioned a nique space for Jamcracker In the ASP space.Although, Its model was based on ASP but Jamcracker was not an ASP Itself. It cooperated with ASP partners to combine application services through its enterprise I platTorm, JamcracKer Enterprlse, Into comprenenslve oTTerlngs. 3. How would you explain the business model of Jamcracker? As said above Jamcracker assumed the role of an ASP cafeteria wherein it partnered various specialized ASPs and using its enterprise IT platform, Jamcracker Enterprise rovided comprehensive solutions to the IT problems of its clients.In simple terms, it aggregated the benefits of various ASPs and provided as one solution to the client. Since, Jamcracker presented these solutions to firms as â€Å"IT Department in a box†, the client had to Just maintain a single contractual relationship with Jamcracker rather than numerous relationships with specialized ASPS. So, a single interface with Jamcracker platf orm would suffice. Jamcracker's clients paid a per-user per-month fee for accessing Jamcracker's service nfrastructure and an additional per-user per-month fee for each application service that they chose to use.Also, a modest set up fee would be charged initially. Jamcracker did not have to make large capital investments in developing and operating applications as it used the application services of its ASP partners. Although costs involved in engineering, service, sales and delivery were higher but economies were favorable. Also, adequate volumes allowed for generous margins as the incremental cost in serving a client was way less than doing the same for a new client..