Response of the Criminal Justice System to Victims of Corporate Crime

Article Title: With the utilization of at any rate 3 genuine stories announced in papers, talk about the reaction of the Northern Ireland Criminal Justice System to survivors of corporate wrongdoing. There is no time limit on the narratives and they might be gotten to through the web. Inside this article I will hope to talk about casualties of corporate violations encounters inside the Criminal Justice System. So as to do this I will initially characterize the Criminal Justice System and afterward corporate wrongdoing. I will at that point address the errand by utilizing 3 genuine anecdotes about victims’ encounters of the activity of the Northern Ireland Criminal Justice System. The Criminal Justice System (CJS) is a progression of practices and establishments that are utilized â€Å"to convey equity for all, by sentencing and rebuffing the blameworthy and helping them to quit affronting, while at the same time securing the honest. It is liable for identifying wrongdoing and carrying it to equity; and completing the sets of court, for example, gathering fines, and regulating network and custodial punishment† (forefront. jsonline. gov. uk) In criminology, corporate wrongdoing alludes to ‘crimes perpetrated by companies, or by powerful people inside enterprises, where the illicit demonstration is done with the expectations of assisting the objectives of that association. ’ (Newburn. 2007. 946-947) Experiences inside the criminal equity framework are without a doubt going t o shift with each person’s own encounters and discernment. Some may hold the view that it is an equitable and beneficial association while others won't share a similar positive thinking. For instance, there is an article in the Belfast Telegraph about the assault in Colin Glen Forest Park. The occurrence occurred on the 12 April 2008. The article shows the total disappointment and confidence inside the criminal equity framework however adulates crafted by the PSNI. The casualty expressed that the days between her announcing the wrongdoing and going to the preliminary she had no contact or data identifying with the path until only multi week before hand â€Å"The criminal equity process paving the way to the preliminary was very little better from a casualty's point of view. I didn't get notification from my indicting attorneys until about fourteen days before the booked preliminary †leaving me to go through 11 months in befuddled tension about the possibility of affirming. † â€Å"How can assault casualties be relied upon to help the criminal equity framework in sentencing their aggressor, when there isn't so much as a legitimate advising administration to help them through this nerve racking procedure? †(www. belfasttelegraph. com) It is effortlessly observed from this particular model that the criminal equity framework is essentially centered around a certain something, which to convict the crook and rebuff them as needs be. There is by all accounts no respect to the casualties sentiments, concerns or tensions, yet just referrals and counsel, on where to go to accomplish help and solace trying to manage the awful accident of being assaulted. â€Å"No one revealed to me that a help like Victim Support existed until half a month prior to my preliminary (and 10 months after my assault). † (www. belfasttelegraph. com) (2009) It has been viewed as standard practice to see that the ‘victim’ has for some time been the overlooked party in criminal equity as the Colin Glen Forest Park victim’s story illustrates. Casualties show up all the time show up as complainants and candidates for pay, or as an observer giving proof, however from there on they are lamentably particularly ignored. It is as of late that the casualty currently shapes the focal point of a significant zone of enquiry inside criminology. There is presently a necessity for adequate consideration regarding be paid to the requirements and privileges of the people in question. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 342) Crimes differ in their inclination and in this way the effect of the wrongdoing on the casualty can fluctuate moreover. Goodey (2005: 121-2) records a scope of passionate, material and social needs that casualties may need to have met in the outcome of wrongdoing. This rundown comprises of: consolation and directing; clinical help; money related and functional help to make sure about property; data about case programs; direction about what's in store in court; the opportunity to communicate how the wrongdoing influenced them; and data about the discharge date of the guilty party. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 353) In is just as of late that these necessities of casualties have been considered and there is presently something like this called ‘victims policy’. This approach guarantees that the requirements of the casualties are being met and there is currently a considerable pontoon of administrations presently gave to ensure the person in question and their privileges. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 358) Duff (1988) contends that there are two perceptible patterns which represent the effect of the ‘victim movement’ on the Criminal Justice System. The first is the presentation of state subsidized pay plans. These plans had the point of attempting to reinforce the connection between the guilty party and the state. The second was the presentation of remuneration by the guilty party to the person in question. This expected to build the significance of the casualty wrongdoer relationship. This in this manner turned into the beginning of criminal wounds remuneration, and it was through these plans that the necessities of the casualties were formally being perceived. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 358) In 1959, the legislature distributed ‘Penal Practice in a Changing Society’; this is the thing that brought about the setting-up of a gathering which were to look at the proposition of presenting the plans for installment of pay to survivors of brutality. The proposition was then passed and was known as the ‘Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme’, otherwise called CICS. It came into procedure on the first August 1964. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 358) A case of an ongoing installment of remuneration to a casualty is that of Lucas Da Costa, 32, while working for Lindon nourishments meat handling organization, endured extreme head wounds when he was hit by 255 kilos of boxes as he lifted them utilizing an electric bed truck at the Granville Industrial Estate plant on 25 February 2010. The dad of-four was raced to clinic and afterward moved to the Royal Victoria Hospital where he was treated for draining onto the mind just as numerous breaks to his skull and facial bones. Linden Foods Ltd confessed to penetrates of wellbeing and security enactment at a past hearing at Omagh Crown Court, for the situation which was brought against the organization by the Health and Safety Executive. The organization were requested to pay ? 25,000 after a worker was left â€Å"close to a vegetative state†. (www. u. television. co. uk) Also Northern Ireland Water has been fined ? 2,000 subsequent to conceding to dirtying a significant stream. A blockage in the sewerage framework made harmful release dirty the Six Mile Water River at Clotworthy Bridge in Antrim. The fine was forced on fourth May 2011 at Antrim Magistrates Court where NI Water confessed to making a contaminating release to a conduit and break of assent. Antrim city hall leader Pam Lewis invited the fine saying she trusted it would go about as an obstruction. (www. belfasttelegraph. co. uk) In another episode, two development organizations have been fined over the breakdown of a structure possessed by the Law Society in Belfast. The structure crumbled in March 2008, harming six specialists. JH Turkington and Sons Ltd and Ripley Developments Ltd were fined an aggregate of ? 1,000 for wellbeing and security breaks. A Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland (HSENI) examination found that the breakdown of a brief supporting structure, known as bogus work, caused the episode. It was evaluated that roughly 150 tons of solid, 25 tons of steel fortifying bars and four tons of bogus work all descended in the breakdown. (www. bbc. co. uk) This expanded acknowledgment of casualt ies needs grew significantly further; there turned into an expanded want to secure youngsters who had been casualties. A significant number of the kid victim’s encounters were especially awful itself; quit worrying about the injury of giving proof in court too. After various fights, the necessity in ‘The 1988 Criminal Justice Act’ was nullified that expressed that the kid needed to give proof in court. This was authorized so as to ensure the kid and rather the utilization of video chronicles was presented. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 362-363) In 1986 in government at that point took the choice to give center financing to casualty support. In the principal years the plan basically centered around the casualties of customary violations, for example, robbery. During the 1980s they turned out to be dynamically progressively associated with offering help for a more extensive scope of casualties. This came to incorporate casualties of racial badgering, groups of homicide casualties, assault and genuine rape. Casualty support requested that casualties reserved the privilege: to be heard; to be kept educated about the advancement of ‘their case’; be secured by law implementation offices; to get pay just as ‘respect, acknowledgment and support’. Newburn. 2007. Pg. 363-364) This prompted an expanded enthusiasm for casualties inside the criminal equity framework. Casualties bolster began running a progression of casualty/witness bolster programs in seven Crown Court focuses, and now, the association gives an observer administration in each criminal court in England and Wales. The first victim’s c ontract was distributed in 1990. This was the main affirmation that a few casualties may have qualifications (not rights) in light of their exploitation. In 1996 the second victim’s sanction was distributed. The contract secured police obligations regarding giving data to casualties, acclimation with the courts, along with subtleties of the objections systems if the guidelines set out were not met. From this contract casualties could hope to get: contact subtleties for cops and handouts on ‘Victims of Crime’, data on ca

Shaken Baby Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Shaken Baby Syndrome Essay 1.Explain the various types of kid misuse? Incorporate Shaken Baby Syndrome in your reaction. The four distinct types of youngster misuse are physical, enthusiastic, sexual maltreatment, and disregard. Physical maltreatment is savagery that is coordinated toward a kid or a pre-adult by a parent, grown-up, or gatekeeper. Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is a considerably increasingly serious type of physical maltreatment that can be perilous if not fatal. Shaken Baby Syndrome is the point at which an infant or a little kid is shaken in such a rough way, that there is harm to their bones, organs, cerebrum, or even enough harm to cause demise. Psychological mistreatment is the point at which a kid feels useless or dismissed to the demonstrations of another grown-up or gatekeeper yet isn't genuinely hurt. Sexual maltreatment is the point at which somebody is explicitly express towards a kid, shows a kid erotic entertainment, or if a person’s private parts are presented to a kid. Disregard is the point at which a parent is careless to a kid. This is the point at which the parent doesn’t put their youngster in school, doesn’t feel, dress, or clean a kid, or to neglect to think about their child’s needs. 2.What kinds of physical consideration should a parent accommodate a newborn child kid? For a baby kid, a parent must give ALL of their child’s physical needs, for example, being washed, changing their diapers, dressing and taking care of their youngster, and so forth. 3.What are a few techniques for helping a kid adapt to pressure? A few techniques for helping a youngster adapt to pressure are to speak with the kid, realizing what makes the worry for the kid and assist them with making sense of approaches to adapt to what makes the pressure, make a steady and liberated from savagery home condition for the kid, and to not take your disappointments out on your kid.

Tallahassee

Tallahassee Tallahassee tal?has ´e [key], city (1990 pop. 124,773), state capital and seat of Leon co., NW Fla.; inc. 1825. Tallahassee is a wholesale trade and distribution center for the surrounding lumber, livestock, and agricultural area. The state government, Florida State Univ., and Florida Agricultural and Mechanical Univ. are major sources of employment. Lumber and wood products are manufactured, and food is processed. The city, which was one of the fastest-growing U.S. cities in the late 20th cent., lies in a hilly region known for its lakes, springs, forests, and picturesque gardens. When Hernando De Soto arrived there in 1539, he found a flourishing Apalachee settlement. Spanish missionaries and settlers followed, but the Apalachee village remained the major settlement until Tallahassee was founded (1824) as the capital of the Florida Territory. The ordinance of secession was adopted there in 1861. The city successfully resisted Union attempts to capture it; a nearby state monumen t marks the site of the battle of Natural Bridge (Mar., 1865), where Tallahassee cadets helped repel a Union attack. The capitol (1845; remodeled 1901) contains the state library. The graves of Prince Achille Murat (Napoleon I's nephew) and his wife are there. The city is noted for its old homes and antebellum charm. Nearby are Apalachicola National Forest and Wakulla Springs. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Emissions Definition in Chemistry

In chemistry, emissions are the products produced other than heat in a combustion reaction. Since combustion is a chemical reaction in which a fuel is oxidized, all fires and flames produce emissions. Examples Carbon dioxide is a common emission from combustion reactions. Other possibilities include sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Some flames produce soot.

Different Learning Styles for Learning Disabilities

My Philosophy of Teaching Essay - 524 Words

Philosophy of Education To be an effective educator, I believe one must have a foundation of moral and ethical principles. An educator should support the learning environment, while being flexible and teachable. He or she must also lay a foundation of beliefs on how individuals learn, seeking to enable individuals to reach their optimal potential. My personal educational philosophy begins with believing all children are unique individuals, with different emotions and different styles of learning. An educator has the incredible challenge of attempting to meet those needs. As an educator, I believe all children deserve the opportunity and resources that would better enable them to reach their maximum potential.†¦show more content†¦All students deserve to be treated with respect and fairness, showing students they are unique individuals. In addition, I believe positive reinforcement is essential to the behavior change process. Positive reinforcement should be consistent, individualized, a nd not complicated. I believe that positive student/teacher interaction and family involvement are essential to the learning process. I believe that all students can succeed in education. It is my goal as a teacher to develop the intellect of all learners through a challenging curriculum. I hope to propose thought provoking questions that will prompt students to think and learn on their own. I will provide supervised practice to ensure the students in my classroom are learning. I believe problem-solving skills will be the most valuable skills students can learn. It is important for the class to be active in the community and active in life-changing events. Students learn best by doing. Emphasis will be placed on learning how to learn. Students will take an active role in helping decide what they learn and how they want to learn it. They will be responsible for helping to care for and maintain the learning environment, thus taking ownership of the class. As a future English language arts teacher I hope to provide instruction that leads my students to active thought. I believe reading, writing, speaking, and listening are all linked to thinking. These processes are social andShow MoreRelatedMy Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy911 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching Philosophy When I think about my teaching philosophy, I think of a quote by Nikos Kazantzakis, Greek writer and philosopher. 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I would like to incorporateRead MoreMy Philosophy : My Teaching Philosophy893 Words   |  4 PagesMy Teaching Philosophy Since Koreans started to learn English, thousands of people have struggled to master the language. Parents currently invest a lot of money and their children spend enormous amounts of time studying English as government suggests new language policies. However, proper verification and investigation of those policies have not been done yet and the outlet is really not promising (Suh, 2007). Most Korean students study English for tests. The purpose of English is so focused onRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy : My Personal Philosophy Of Teaching932 Words   |  4 Pages This is my personal philosophy of teaching. This is my belief about teaching and learning and how I will put my beliefs into classroom practices. First and foremost, the purpose of education is to educate students so that they can be ready for the real world. It should prepare students for life, work, and citizenship. To do this, education should teach one to think creatively and productively. In addition to preparing students for the real world, all students should be able to read and comprehendRead MoreTeaching Philosophy : My Philosophy1100 Words   |  5 PagesTeaching Philosophy: Lauren Gross EDUC 120 Learn to Teach, Learn to Learn. / Use the past to teach the future ( That is my philosophy) Theory helps teachers think about what we experience and furthermore to teach and learn about how we, as educators, learn. Teachers should be supportive and cooperative, teachers should play the role of a friend, but also stealthily act in the role of advisor or guide for students. 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I believe that through helping students to develop skills of critical reflection and critical thinking they will become able to carry out innovative research and also succeed in work beyond academia. Through interactive teaching methods such as group work, role play, and joint presentations I seek not only to encourage students to engage with me as an instructor, but also to exchange and discuss ideas with theirRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Teaching Philosophy1888 Words   |  8 PagesTeaching Philosophy My philosophy of education is founded on the core principle that all children should have equal access to a quality education that will prepare them for higher education and to be contributing members of society. Schools were founded on the primary principle of teaching values to students as well as educating them academically. While values have been removed from the curriculum, I still believe much of what we do as teachers is instilling values in our students. As educators,Read MoreMy Teaching Philosophy1217 Words   |  5 Pagesis at the elementary school level. My current goal is to either teach the 4th or 5th grade level. Moreover, throughout the semester I have read about or seen different philosophies through the observations I have done throughout the semester. While reading chapter 6 in the class text I thought to myself, as an educator what will be teaching philosophy that best suited my beliefs. Moreover, in chapter 6 there was a test where one would figure out their phil osophy according to the test result. For meRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy1088 Words   |  5 PagesSince the beginning of my academic career, teaching has always been an important part of my academic duties. The interaction that I have with students is not only enjoyable to me, but it also gives me an invaluable perspective on the subjects I am teaching. Since I started my position at the Mathematical Institute at the University of Oxford, I have tutored in four classes across three semesters and supervised two projects, as detailed in my CV. I am also tutoring two new undergraduate classes in

Floored free essay sample

I just want to fly. And fly they did. Sugar Rays hit song, Fly, (featuring Super Cat) flew straight to the top of the charts after its release. Fly is one of the better songs I have heard this year and it has a great beat. Mixing rap with alternative music proved to be a spectacular combination. However, due to excessive air time on the radio, Fly has developed overplayed syndrome which is when a song is played so much that listeners almost become annoyed with a once liked song. With the exception of Fly, which was originally a superb song, Floored is one of the worst surprises a listener could possibly have gotten. The album is nothing more than heavy metal punk music, not a common association. Fly is the only song you will hear on the radio because, quite frankly, all the other songs are lurid. Right now the bands claim to fame is their one hit and their striking image, which appeals to young people. We will write a custom essay sample on Floored or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Other than that, they would have been thrown back into the mix of struggling bands still trying to get the attention of record producers. Presently, Fly is number one. Unfortunately, the song is a tease, luring innocent listeners into thinking that the CD is filled with other splendid songs. If they are smart, they will buy the CD single and save money, or better still, just turn on the radio because they never stop playing Fly. What made the difference between shame and fame for the band Sugar Ray was one man, Super Cat. He is the voice behind the whole song. Without him the song would be nothing. If Sugar Ray could produce more songs like Fly and less heavy metal, they would gain more respect from listeners. Dont be tempted to buy Floored because of one song, its not worth it. .

Female Authors and the Novel an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Female Authors and the Novel by Expert BrilliantEssays | 02 Dec 2016 The contribution of female authors towards the development of the novel is significant. Indeed it can be argued that feminine sensibility plays a key role here. G K Chesterton describes the novel as a feminine art form, and he explains that it is the female eye for homely detail, as well as the talent to depict the intricacies of relationships, that make it so (39). These qualities are important because they serve to counteract the male tendency towards philosophy and idealism. Such tendencies must be overcome because the novel is aiming for an inpidualistic and democratic voice which is beyond all factionalism. Need essay sample on "Female Authors and the Novel" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The search for an inpidual voice had been the aim of literature since the Protestant Reformation. It was the aim too of the Enlightenment; but the practical effect was only to introduce the rigid formality of classicism. So the constraints of the Church had been replaced by just another form of constraint. Such constraints were overcome in the end by the female prose writers, and gradually over a long period. In this respect we will examine the two writers Aphra Behn and Mary Shelley, separated by a century and a half. The former presages the advent of the novel, while the latter perfects the form and paves the way for the great Victorian age of the novel. Classicism was the key barrier to the development of the novel. All efforts towards informality were frowned upon by the stalwarts of Augustan literature, led by Dryden and Pope, so the novel was perforce directed underground. Here it flowered in the hands of the women writers, who were mostly ignored because they concentrated on sentimental romance, and appealing to woman readers alone. Daniel Defoe is now regarded as the first proper novelist, but it is plain to see that he has adopted a form established by the female writers, who produced mostly trifling and salacious romances. Such a description may be applied to Aphra Behns Love Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister, but it is also notable for being the first epistolary novel. Her reputation, however, rests on Oroonoko, a love story involving an African prince captured by slave traders. Though not yet a proper novel, it contains many innovations that point in that direction. Behn assumes a conversational tone with the readers in places, inspiring familiarity. It also contains an omniscient voice of narration, which was to become the most distinctive characteristic of the novel proper. However, she feels obliged to explain her omniscience, and so the narrator is tangentially involved in the story itself. She knows all the incidents in Africa because she has lived the slave plantation and has conversed with the African prince. By the time Mary Shelley writes Frankenstein, the novel form has almost come into its own element, and its history boasts such great novelists as Defoe, Fielding, Richardson, Sterne, Smollet and Austen. Nevertheless, Shelleys original contribution in not insignificant. The voice of the novel reflects inpidual expression, and this has been largely perfected by this point. Shelley goes on to tackle the theme of inpidualism itself. It is the story of a mad scientist who cuts himself off from the world in order to create a being from assembles and inanimate organs. We discover similarities between the project of the mad scientist and the project of the novelist giving life to his fictional creations. The novelist functions as an inpidual, and his is probably the loneliest occupation of all. At the same time it is his task to create inpiduals, purely from the imagination. Shelleys theme is at heart the mutual dependency of creator and creature. Though she is outwardly concerned with the misuse of science, and of the terrible consequences of mechanization, the underlying theme remains that of inpidualism. In this sense we may interpret her novel as an exploration of the limits of the novel. In conclusion, female writers can be said to be largely responsible for the development of the novel from the Restoration onwards. The evolution of the novel has avoided the limelight, yet the novel has been the primary vehicle for the advance of inpidualism. Only with the Industrial revolution and the rise of democracy does the novel burst forth as the principal mode of literature. Aphra Behn and Mary Shelley were key proponents in novels development. Works Cited Behn, Aphra. Oroonoko. Ed. Janet M. Todd. New York: Penguin Classics, 2003. Chesterton, Gilbert Keith. The Victorian Age in Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York: Collector's Library, 2004.

Parenting Disabled Infants essays

Parenting Disabled Infants essays Raising a disabled child is a difficult task, and it is accompanied by many trials and tribulations for the individuals parenting the child. Reproductive technology now allows humans to see the future that lies a head for their fetus. Abnormalities can be detected by different types of prenatal diagnostic testing (PDT) methods including such tests as amniocentesis and chronic villus sampling (Lawson, 2001). The majority of women who do discover that their fetus carries an abnormality after undergoing PDT decide to abort (Lawson, 74). The lack of desire to continue the growth of a disabled fetus by the participants of Lawsons study will be explained by examining the personal goals that individuals have surrounding parenting and the affects of the type of disability. Lawson argues that the underlying motives behind prenatal testing are often that disability can reduce quality of life to an extent that non-existence is preferable to living with a disability, and or that the burdens of parenting a disabled child outweigh the joys (Lawson, 2001, p. 74). A recent study reports that mothers of disabled children were shown to report significantly more physical health complaints, and higher levels of depression, stress, anxiety, and emotional distress than mothers of non-disabled children (Pelchat, Richard, Bouchard, Perreault, Saucier, Berthiaume, et al. 1999, p. 378). This directly explains the reduced quality of life that the participants in Lawsons study describe. Lawson states that many theories which deal with raising disabled children contain a cost benefit analysis factor (Lawson, 2001, p. 74). Individuals weigh the advantages and disadvantages of having children in order to make a reproductive decision (Lawson, 2001). When evaluating the cost benefit analysis of raising a disabled child it was found that rewarding aspects of raising a disabled child ...

Current Event Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current Event - Article Example â€Å"We need an arsenal of functional facilities, and we are working over this now,† - The Guardian UK quotes Minister of the Armed Forces. The Minister stressed that the cyber-weapon will not replace traditional weapons, but he considers this type of weapon as an integral part of the armament of the country. Harvey said that the authorities are aware about all the fears associated with the using of such weapons. One of the main questions: when and who will make a decision about a possible counterattack on any object. Harvey said that the decision about cyber-weapon using will be made by the same rules that exist for conventional weapons. â€Å"Cyberspace - a relatively new territory, but the rules, norms, and logic that are used in decision-making in other areas, are applied here,† - the minister said. â€Å"I do not think that the existence of a new field - cyberspace - will force us to act more aggressively than in any other space. Legislative arrangements, under w hich we operate, are time-tested,† - he added. What kind of cyber - weapon is developed under this program, it remains a state secret.

Research paperessay of Paul Robeson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research paperessay of Paul Robeson - Essay Example In 1915 he won a scholarship to Rutgers College, New Jersey, and was also educated at Columbia University law school, where he graduated in 1923. An outstanding athlete as well as scholar, Robeson was selected for the All-American college football team as the finest player in his position. For a short time thereafter he played professional football and semi-professional basketball. In 1921 he married his lifelong partner, Eslanda Cordozo Goode (1896-1965), an analytical chemist in a hospital pathology laboratory. She would later manage Robeson's career, and even though their relationship was often stormy and included periods of separation, she was initially a major influence in his life and the author of an early biography, Paul Robeson, Negro (1930). Robeson began his acting career in 1920, appearing in Simon the Cyrenian in Harlem, New York, and played his first professional part in 1922 in Taboo. It was in 1922 as a member of the cast of this play, now renamed Voodoo, that Robeson made his dbut in Britain. In later years he recalled that it was during his performances in Voodoo at the Blackpool Opera House in 1922 that he first realized he had the talent to make a career as a singer. In 1923 he briefly worked at a law firm in New York, but his experiences of racism in the USA persuaded Robeson that he might have more success as an actor than by attempting to practise as a lawyer. In the United States, Robeson continued to develop his singing career, and with Lawrence Brown, who was to be his accompanist for many years, he performed the first ever concert comprising entirely African-American secular songs and spirituals in New York in 1925. Later that year he began his legendary recording career, and during the next thirty-five years made over 450 recordings, mainly in Britain and the United States. The previous year he had made his first film, Body and Soul, directed by Oscar Micheaux. During the next twenty-five years he starred in ten films and twelve plays and musicals. As an actor he always strove to break away from the demeaning roles often played by black actors.(Boyle ,79) By 1947 he had decided to leave the professional stage in the United States altogether; he had already ended his film career because of his dissatisfaction with the roles he was offered. Robeson made numerous recordings and some of his most memorable films in Britain, including Song of Freedom (1936) and The Proud Valley (1939). In the latter he played a black American stoker who helped Welsh unemployed miners reopen their pits. In retrospect Robeson believed that his time in Britain had a profound influence on his personal and political development. As a result of his many contacts with students and other African residents, his serious interest in African cultures and languages developed. It was during this period that Robeson became patron of the West African Students' Union and, as he put it, 'discovered Africa' in London. He also began his comparative study of African, African-American, and other folk cultures, and in 1934 enrolled as a student of linguistics and African languages at London University.

Effect Of Growth Factors Fcs On Cell Proliferation Biology Essay

Effect Of Growth Factors Fcs On Cell Proliferation Biology Essay Introduction: The technique in which cells normally of one type, removed from animal tissue are grown in presence of supplements and growth factors under controlled conditions is called Cell Culturing. Different cells require different conditions of temperature and gas for their appropriate growth in a cell incubator moreover growth media plays a crucial role in cell culturing, which can vary in glucose concentration, pH, growth factors like fetal calf serum (FCS). The effect of one of the above mentioned variables, we are going to study in this experiment is growth factors. Growth factors as the name suggests enhancers the growth which supplements the media are obtained from animal blood such as calf serum. Cell proliferation is studied by various methods, mainly used methods involve measuring the colour intensity taken up by DNA of cell during cell proliferation in presence of staining dyes e.g. crystal violet and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide). The aim of this experiment is to study cell proliferation by using crystal violet and MTT methods while using mouse Y1 adrenocortical cells under the effect of growth factor FCS. Mouse Y1 adrenocortical cell are grown in Dulbeccos modification of Eagles medium as monolayer cultures. Crystal Violet: It is biological stain used in cell proliferation method which stains DNA of the cells after permeabilisation with methanol. The positive ammonium ions of crystal violet stain DNA of cells in blue colour. The colour intensity produced is directly proportional to number of cells, which is determined in stained cells by colorimeter. Staining with crystal violet and MTT are based on principal of absorbance. MTT: The MTT assay is a standard colorimetric assay in which activity of reductase enzymes are measured which convert MTT to blue insoluble formazan. The metabolic activity of viable cells is used as basic parameter in MTT assay. The tetrazolium salt, MTT is now widely used in quantitative measurement of cell proliferation. This method depends upon uptake of MTT by viable cells, which is a water soluble tetrazolium salt producing a yellowish solution. MTT is cleaved to insoluble blue formazan in the mitochondria of living cells by succinic dehydrogenases in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Material Used: Mouse Y1 adrenocortical cells, Dulbeccos medication of Eagles medium (DMEM) containing 10% Fetal calf serum, 2mM glutamine, 100u/ml penicillin and 100mg/ml streptomycin, crystal violet stain (0.1% solution in 200mM boric acid), MTT (5mg/ml MTT solution in PBS), PBS methanol, 10% glacial acetic acid, distilled water, acid-isopropanol. Apparatus used: Laminar flow cabinet sterilized two 96 well plates, multi well pipettes, pasture pipettes, sterilized T-flasks, sterilised empty reservoirs, gas incubator, fume cupboard, spectrophotometer etc. Method: Cells of mouse Y1 adrenocortical were separated from their substratum with tris in EDTA as they grow in monolayer cultures. Then added same volume of medium and centrifuged after that number of cells were counted on haemocytometer and diluted to concentration of 1.25 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ © 105 cells/ml and made it up to 30 ml. Then cells were passaged into centre 60 wells of 96 well plate in duplicate with concentration of 0.25 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ © 10à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ µ cells/ 200ÃŽÂ ¼l in each well while outside wells of 96 well plate were filled with same amount of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and allowed the cells to incubate overnight at 37  °C temperature in humidified gas incubator. After that cells were washed with PBS three times and different wells of each plate were treated with different concentrations of FCS which is shown in table 1. Hence 12 wells of each plate were treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20% v/v concentration of FCS and both plates were incubated for 72 hours. One plate was used for crystal violet staining method and other for MTT assay. Table 1: Dilution of FCS % FCS Volume of Serum (ml) Volume of Medium (ml) 0 0 10 1 0.1 9.9 5 0.5 9.5 10 1 9 20 2 8 Crystal violet staining method: For this method cell media was removed first of all from incubated plate and then cells were washed with PBS. After that were fixed with 200ÃŽÂ ¼l of methanol for 15 minutes in fume cupboard. Then methanol were removed and cells were allowed to dry in fume cupboard for few minutes. Then cells were treated for 20 minutes with crystal violet stain 200ÃŽÂ ¼l/well. Later cells were washed three times with distilled water and stained cell layer was allowed to solubilised in the 50ÃŽÂ ¼l of 10% glacial acetic acid and plates were incubated for 30 minutes in gas incubator. After that absorbance of each well was read by plate reader spectrophotometer set at 540nm. MTT Method: To perform MTT assay, each of centre 60 wells of 96 well plate was treated with 20ÃŽÂ ¼l of MTT solution and plate was incubated for 4 hours at 37o C temperature in gas incubator. After 4 hours, the medium was removed from each well and 100ÃŽÂ ¼l of acid-isopropand was added to dissolve blue formazan crystal in the cell layer. Then plate was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. When blue formazan crystal were solubilised, absorbance of each well was measured at 570nm using the plate reader. Calculations: Cells in five squares of Haemocytometer = 24 Volume of each square is =4ÃÆ'-10-3ÃŽÂ ¼l The no. of cells in five squares multiplied with 5ÃÆ'-104 gives no. of cells in 1ml. Hence no. of cell in 1ml = 1.2ÃÆ'-106 cells/ml Required cell suspension = 1.25ÃÆ'-105 cells/ml Dilution Factor = Concentration Required/Concentration got Dilution Factor = 0.104 Therefore, in order to make 30 ml of cell suspension 3.125 ml of cell suspension was mixed with 26.875 ml of medium. Similarly 30 ml of cell suspension was prepared having 1.25ÃÆ'-105 cells/ml. Results: Observation Table for crystal violet staining method %FCS Average Standard Deviation 0 0.205 0.0218 1 0.255 0.0307 5 0.309 0.0450 10 0.432 0.0614 20 0.581 0.0844 Table2: Data obtain from plate reader at 540nm Graph showing effect of FCS with Crystal Violet Method Above graph shows that with increase in serum concentration the absorbance increases, which is directly proportional to cell number. Observation Table of MTT staining method: % FCS Average Standard Deviation 0 0.094 0.0081 1 0.115 0.0138 5 0.152 0.0191 10 0.276 0.0724 20 0.400 0.0807 Table3: Data obtained from plate reader at 570nm. Graph showing effect of FCS with MTT staining Above graph shows that with increase in serum concentration the absorbance increases, which is directly proportional to cell number. Discussion: Crystal Violet Staining method and MTT Assay is based on principle of absorbance, more is colour intensity, more will be the absorbance value. The result of Crystal violet staining method clearly indicated that absorbance value was directly proportional to cell proliferation as it was increasing with concentration of FCS. FCS stimulated Cell Proliferation Result in more cells and DNA Methanol increased cell membrane permeability Result in more stained DNA More Colour intensity Hence More Absorbance Value Similar results were seen in MTT Assay but in this assay only viable cells were stained while in crystal violet method both viable and non viable cells were stained. So Crystal Violet method of staining is not specific staining technique because in this absorbance is not direct index of cell viability. The drawback of MTT Assay is that some reducing agent may reduce MTT also which could show slight increase in absorbance, moreover this method depends on some variable like pH, presence of D-glucose and pyridine nucleotides which can affect the specificity of Assay. In spite of above said limitations these methods are mostly followed because they are safe, simple, cheap and reproducible. Differentiation of K562 cells to megakaryocytes/platelets To study cell differentiation of K652 cells chronic myelogenous leukaemia, K652 cell line, indicates an early differentiation stage of granulocyte lineage. K652 cells are non-adherent, circular shaped with small microvilli. In the presence of tumour promoters like phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) these type of cell are differentiated to megakaryocytes. The induction of megakaryocytic differentiation of K652 cells is known to be initiated by two signalling pathways which are the nuclear factor kappa B(NF-ÃŽÂ ºB) -depends pathways and other is extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) dependent pathways. Human chromic myelogenous leukemic cells, K652 cells have Philadelphia chromosome. Tumour promoter, PMA which is a potent mitogen for human peripheral blood lymphocyte also act as a protein kinase C (PKC) activator which differentiate K652 cells to megakaryocytes. The various changes that occurs during differentiation of K652 cells are: Changes in cell morphology Cell growth arrest Adhesive properties of cell change Expression of markers associatated with megakaryocytes Endomitosis NADPH oxidase complex which is known as a primary source of ROS (Radio active oxygen species), is initiated by PMA. PMA stimulates NADPH ROS (Signalling Molecule) Induction of gene expression is directly related with ROS. The Expression of CD61, a platelet cell marker helps in identifying differentiated cells. The expression of CD61 can be seen on platelets, osteoclasts, macrophages and on some tumour cells, involved in tumour metastasis and in adenovirus infections. Results and Discussion: It was observed that PMA treated slide was stained pink while cells devoid of PMA were stained blue as shown in Pic. 1 2. In PMA treated slide the K562 cells were clearly differentiated to megakaryocytes which suggested that tumour promoter, PMA induced differentiation in K562 cells by signal transduction and expressed by CD61 as shown in picture below. C:UsersmkkaushalPicturescell bio picsmail2.jpg Pic. 1 PMA Treated Cells clearly showing Differentiation to Megakaryocytes C:UsersmkkaushalPicturescell bio picsmail.jpg Pic. 2 Cells Devoid of PMA stained blue in Colour The expression of CD61 was recognised by addition of rabbit anti-mouse IgG antibodies that bind to CD61 antibodies when incubated in presence of alkaline phosphatise anti alkaline phosphatise (APAAP) complex. The cells were stained pink because fast red dye get attached to APAAP so this is how CD61 was expressed in cell treated with PMA. Moreover cells treated with PMA were larger, irregular, in shape and fewer in number as compare to untreated cells. On the contrary, Cells devoid of PMA were much smaller in size than treated cells. Diagramatic Representations of Immunocytochemical Reactions To Detect CD61 PMA Treated Cells PMA Untreated Cells CD61 bound to both treated and untreated cells Then Cells are washed to Remove CD61 unbound Treated with RAM Then RAM binds to APAAP and cells are stained pink in colour. : Mouse Antihuman CD 61 (Primary Antibody) : Rabbit Antimouse IgG (RAM- Secondary Antibody) : Mouse Alkaline Phosphate AntiAlkaline Phosphatase(APAAP Tertiary Antibody)

Free Things They Carried Essays: Communists and Capitalists

Communists and Capitalists in The Things They Carried The Vietnam War was directly related to the Cold War, where the communists and the capitalists used balance-of-power politics to keep the other from dominating the world. Yet, there was a role reversal amongst the soldiers fighting for the capitalists and democracy. Many of the soldiers made deals amongst themselves, which were in essence communist, stating that should one become injured or severely wounded, their "buddy" would end the soldier's suffering by killing him. This is seen in "Enemies" and "Friends". "Enemies" and "Friends" tell the tale of two soldiers who initially do not get along, but through the course of the war, form a bond that holds even through death. In the opening sentence, O'Brien says, "Lee Strunk and Dave Jensen got into a fistfight."(62) In doing so, he shows the high tensions of the entire war. The friction and animosity are evident between the USSR and the USA and North Vietnam and South Vietnam, but to show the tension within the same army proves just how drastic...

Choices, consequences and Conflict Resolution Essay

I. Reading: circle the word that best finishes the sentences. (10 points each) /20 Read the paragraph and select the answer based on what we learn about conflict resolution. Maria is having a conflict with her coworker Brenda. Brenda is coming late to work and Maria ends up doing her work and Brenda’s work. Maria does not know what to do but she fears that if Bread keeps coming late they will both lose their jobs, because the work is not getting done on time. What should Brenda do? a. Don’t say anything to Bread and Just keep working faster b. Pull Brenda to the side and explain how the situation affects both of them c. Quit her job before she gets fired. d. Talk to her supervisor and ask her to fire Brenda If Brenda gets upset with Maria, how should Maria react? a. Maria should yell very loudly to show she is stronger b. Maria should control her emotions and move forward c. Maria should leave the room and find a supervisor d. Maria should say it is ok for her to come late II. Vocabulary: match the word with its definition.(10 points each) /60 Choice, consequences, conflict, resolution, mediate, professionalism An act of selecting or making a decision when faced with two or more possibilities.| A disagreement between two or more people.| Intervene in a dispute to bring about an agreement or reconciliation| To reach an agreement. To find an answer. To end a conflict. | The competence or skill expected of a professional.| Something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition| | | III. Writing: During the past month we learned about the 10 Rules of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). Please write one to two paragraphs about the consequences of not following the 10 Rules. (20 points) /20

Lab Recipes for Solutions of Inorganic Aluminum Salts